Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : V, Issue : VII, August - 2015

ASPECTS OF EXISTENTIALISM IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE - A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NOVELS OF JAMES BALDWIN

J. Kavitha, A.K. Polson

By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

James Arthur Baldwin, raised out of the racial nightmare of Harlem to carve a permanent niche for himself in American letters, is easily the most gifted and the most disturbing artist of distinction to have appeared in the history of black American literature. “I would place him very high among writers,” said Benjamin DeMott, “in part because his work showed a powerful commitment to the right values and had a profound impact for good on our culture” (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.50.83). He was a writer of daring and dignity and his soul witnessed a tug-of-war between two un- compromising urges – one yearning for his African roots and the other lamenting over and rejoicing in its American heritage of insult and injury, of freedom and possibility.

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1. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
2. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
3. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
4. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
5. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
6. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
7. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
8. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
9. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
10. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
11. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
12. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
13. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
14. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
15. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
16. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
17. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
18. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
19. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
20. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
21. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
22. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
23. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
24. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
25. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
26. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
27. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
28. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
29. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
30. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
31. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
32. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
33. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
34. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
35. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
36. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
37. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
38. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
39. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
40. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
41. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
42. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
43. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
44. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
45. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
46. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
47. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
48. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
49. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
50. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
51. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
52. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
53. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
54. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
55. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
56. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
57. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
58. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
59. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
60. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
61. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
62. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
63. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
64. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
65. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
66. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
67. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
68. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
69. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
70. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
71. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
72. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
73. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
74. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
75. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
76. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
77. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
78. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
79. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
80. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
81. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
82. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
83. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
84. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
85. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
86. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
87. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
88. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
89. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
90. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
91. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
92. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
93. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
94. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
95. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
96. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
97. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
98. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
99. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
100. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
101. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
102. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
103. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
104. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
105. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
106. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
107. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
108. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
109. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
110. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
111. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
112. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
113. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.

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