Volume : V, Issue : VI, July - 2015 PREVALENCE OF LEVOFLOXACIN RESISTANCE IN GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ISOLATES FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS![](ArticleImage/6787.jpg) Amol Kulkarni, S.R. Deshmukh By : Laxmi Book Publication Abstract : Fluoroquinolones are one of the important classes of antibacterial agents for clinically important Gram negative bacterial pathogens. Levofloxacin is an important member of this class with highest acceptability. However, like other members it is also under threat of resistance. We have tested 122 clinical specimens of diverse genera and found a high level of resistance to levofloxacin. This observation indicates the decreased utility of this important option. Keywords : Article : Cite This Article : Amol Kulkarni, S.R. Deshmukh(2015). PREVALENCE OF LEVOFLOXACIN RESISTANCE IN GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ISOLATES FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. V, Issue. VI, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/6787.pdf References : - Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Hooper DC. The emerging mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:337-41.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Drlica K, Zhao XK. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV and 4-quinolone. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997; 61(3):377-92.
- Daniel F.Sahm, et al Evaluation of current activities of Fluoroquinolones against Gram-negative Bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and Electronic surveillance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan 2001, p.267-274.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
- Mackie and McCartney. Textbook of Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edition; p.153, 416.
- Oliphant CM, Green CM: Quinolones: A comprehensive review Am Fam Physician 2002, 65: 455-464
- L. Drago, E. De Vecchi, B. Mombelli, L. Nicola, M. Valli and M.R. Gismondo (2001) Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48, 37-45.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for Anti-microbial Susceptibility testing. Wayne, Pa: Eleventh Information Supplement. : 2001; Document M100-S11.
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