Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : IV, Issue : XI, December - 2014

MINORITY RIGHTS AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Fayaz Ahmad Mir, S. Sivarajan Muzamila Jan

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

India is among the most diverse societies in the world. It has people from all the major religions in the world—Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and Zoroastrians (Parsis). When India gained independence in1947, the political leadership and the framers of the constitution took note of this diversity, and they deliberated on a framework that would provide for a unified but culturally diverse state. The issue of minorities has become an important part of political discourse since the emergence of nation states and the prevalence of the concept of popular sovereignty. The rise of nationalism has given rise to the concept that the political boundaries of a nation should conform to the national characteristics of the people living within them. Problems of Minorities are multiple in nature, Racial, Religious, Ethnic, Linguistic and other minorities are subject to some or the other problems everywhere. The two main problems which they normally face are (1) the problem of prejudice and discrimination and (2) the problem of preserving their distinct social and cultural life Adiscrepancy between a number of ethnic communities and sovereign political agents in the international arena implies that many ethnic, languages or religious minority groups seek recognition and protection within states they inhibit. The paper will evaluate the progress of the development of minorities under union and state. The present paper also offers information related to norms and mechanisms developed to protect the rights of persons belonging to national, ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities.

Keywords :

• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership
• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership
• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership
• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership
• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership
• Minority Rights
• diverse societies
• political leadership

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References :

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270. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
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288. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
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300. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
301. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
302. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
303. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
304. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
305. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
306. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
307. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
308. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
309. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
310. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
311. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
312. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
313. 1992.
314. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
315. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
316. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
317. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
318. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
319. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
320. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
321. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
322. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
323. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
324. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
325. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
326. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
327. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
328. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
329. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
330. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
331. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
332. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
333. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
334. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
335. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
336. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
337. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
338. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
339. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
340. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
341. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
342. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
343. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
344. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
345. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
346. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
347. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
348. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
349. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
350. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
351. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
352. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
353. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
354. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
355. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
356. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
357. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
358. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
359. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
360. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
361. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
362. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
363. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
364. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
365. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
366. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
367. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
368. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
369. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
370. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
371. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
372. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
373. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
374. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
375. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
376. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
377. 1992.
378. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
379. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
380. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
381. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
382. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
383. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
384. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
385. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
386. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
387. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
388. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
389. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
390. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
391. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
392. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
393. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
394. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
395. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
396. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
397. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
398. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
399. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
400. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
401. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
402. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
403. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
404. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
405. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
406. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
407. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
408. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
409. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
410. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
411. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
412. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
413. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
414. Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation , N.K Das 1985.
415. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
416. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
417. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
418. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
419. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
420. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
421. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
422. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
423. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
424. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
425. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
426. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
427. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
428. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
429. 1992.
430. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
431. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
432. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
433. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
434. 1992.
435. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
436. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
437. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
438. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
439. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
440. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
441. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
442. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
443. D.L. Sheth, Gurpreet Mahajan, “Minority Identities and the Nation State,” Oxford University Press 1999
444. Dr Anwarul Yaqin “Constitutional Protection of Minority Educational Institutions In India,”Deep and Deep
445. Yoram Dinstein, Mala Taboray, “ The protection of Minorities And Human Rights,” M. Nijhoff Publishers,
446. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
447. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
448. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
449. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
450. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
451. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
452. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
453. 1992.
454. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
455. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
456. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
457. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
458. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
459. See, Tahir Mahmood, “Religion – State Relations in India”, Religious Studies Review, vol.1, no.1, 2007.
460. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
461. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
462. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
463. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
464. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
465. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
466. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
467. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
468. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
469. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
470. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
471. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
472. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
473. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
474. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
475. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
476. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
477. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
478. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
479. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
480. Massey I.P. “Minority Rights Discourse in India”, Shimla: Indian Institute Of Advanced Study, 2002.
481. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
482. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
483. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
484. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
485. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
486. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
487. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
488. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
489. India,” Commercial block, Mohan Garden New Delhi 1999.
490. Constitutional rights and safeguards provided to the minorities in India.
491. International Journal on Multiculture Societies Vol.4 No.2, “ Minority Matters:Issue in Minority Languages in
492. V.N. Shukla, Constitution of India , 1994.
493. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
494. Bhikhu Parekh, India’s Diversity, Dissent, Summer, 1996,
495. Publication,Rajouri Garden, New Delhi,1982.
496. M.M, Sankdhar and K. K.Wadha(eds) L. M., “Sighvi, Where did we go wrong”.
497. Bindeshwar Pathak, B. N. Saraswati “Constitutional Safeguards For Weaker Sections And The Minorities In
498. India,” Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande.
499. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
500. 1992.
501. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
502. James Masey, Manohar, “Minorities in a Democracy,” The Indian Experience, 1999.
503. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.
504. Syed Najiullah, “Muslim Minorities and The National Commission for Minorities in India ,”2011.
505. VK Sircar “Protection of Human Rights in India,” Velag Asia Law House Hyderabad 2006.

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