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Volume : IV, Issue : VII, August - 2014

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF NICARDIPINE IN ATTENUATION OF THE STRESS AND INTRA-OCULAR PRESSURE RESPONSES TO LARYNGOSCOPY AND INTUBATION DURING EYE SURGERY

Elsayed M. Abd El-Azeem, Mona R. Fahim , Rashad M. Aref and Mohamed Saad Khalil

By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

Theaim of this study was to assess the efficacy of different doses of Nicardipinein attenuation of stress and intra-ocular pressure responses to Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.Patients and methods: This randomized prospective controlled double blinded clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients underwent elective intra-ocular cataract extraction surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. These patients were randomly allocated into three equal groups: Group A (Control group): received 0.9 % saline infusion, Group B: received 2-4 mg/hr. Nicardipine infusion and Group C: received 4-8 mg/ hr. Nicardipine infusion.Operative time, intubation time, hemodynamic parameters (MAP and heart rate),serum cortisol, blood glucose and intraocular pressure were recorded.Results: Demographic characteristics and operative details showed non-significant difference between groups as regard age, weight, sex, ASA physical status and operative time. As regard the hemodynamic changes, there was a highly significant increase in MAP and HR after intubation in group A in relation to group B and group C, while there was a non-significant change in hemodynamics in response to intubation in groups B and C. As regard blood glucose and serum cortisol levels, group A showed a highly significant increase in blood glucose and serum cortisol levels in response to intubation in comparison with groups B and C. As regard the intra-ocular pressure, there was a highly statistically significant increase in IOP after intubation in group A while there was a non-significant increase in IOP in response to intubation in groups B &C. Conclusion:Nicardipine can be used in attenuation of stress and intra-ocular pressure responses to tracheal intubation in patients undergoing elective cataract surgery.

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Cite This Article :

Elsayed M. Abd El-Azeem, Mona R. Fahim , Rashad M. Aref and Mohamed Saad Khalil(2014). ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF NICARDIPINE IN ATTENUATION OF THE STRESS AND INTRA-OCULAR PRESSURE RESPONSES TO LARYNGOSCOPY AND INTUBATION DURING EYE SURGERY. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. IV, Issue. VII, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/5220.pdf

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  46. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
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  67. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
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  94. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  95. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  96. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  97. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  98. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  99. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
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  111. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  112. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  113. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  114. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  115. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
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  119. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
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  124. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  125. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  126. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  127. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  128. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  129. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  130. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  131. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  132. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  133. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  134. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  135. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  136. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  137. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  138. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  139. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  140. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  141. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  142. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  143. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  144. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  145. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  146. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  147. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  148. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  149. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  150. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  151. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  152. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
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  154. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  155. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  156. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  157. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  158. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  159. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  160. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  161. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  162. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  163. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  164. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  165. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  166. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  167. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  168. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  169. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  170. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  171. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  172. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  173. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  174. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  175. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  176. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  177. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  178. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  179. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  180. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  181. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  182. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  183. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  184. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  185. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  186. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  187. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  188. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  189. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  190. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  191. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  192. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  193. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  194. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  195. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  196. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  197. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  198. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  199. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  200. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  201. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  202. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  203. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  204. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  205. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  206. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  207. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  208. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  209. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  210. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  211. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  212. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  213. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  214. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  215. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  216. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  217. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  218. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  219. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  220. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  221. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  222. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
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  349. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
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  351. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
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  363. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
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  365. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  366. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  367. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
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  423. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  424. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  425. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
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  430. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  431. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
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  433. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  434. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  435. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
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  446. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
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  448. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  449. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
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  451. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  452. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  453. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  454. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  455. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
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  458. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  459. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
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  464. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  465. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  466. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  467. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  468. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  469. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  470. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  471. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  472. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  473. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  474. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  475. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  476. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  477. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  478. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  479. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  480. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  481. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  482. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  483. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  484. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  485. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  486. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  487. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  488. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  489. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  490. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  491. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  492. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  493. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  494. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  495. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  496. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  497. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  498. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  499. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  500. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  501. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  502. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  503. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  504. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  505. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  506. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  507. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  508. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  509. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  510. Nicardipine on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes FollowingEndotracheal Intubation. The Journal of
  511. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  512. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  513. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  514. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  515. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  516. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  517. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  518. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  519. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  520. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  521. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  522. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  523. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  524. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  525. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  526. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  527. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  528. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  529. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  530. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  531. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  532. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  533. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  534. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  535. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  536. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  537. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  538. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  539. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  540. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  541. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  542. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  543. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  544. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  545. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  546. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  547. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  548. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  549. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  550. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  551. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  552. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  553. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  554. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  555. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  556. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  557. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  558. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  559. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  560. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  561. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  562. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  563. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  564. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  565. Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Nicardipine, and Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Bispectral Index Responses during Induction
  566. on circulatory response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients: nicardipine versus diltiazem. Canadian
  567. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  568. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  569. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  570. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  571. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  572. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  573. Jain, D.; Khan, R.M. andMaroof, M. 2009. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on stress response to extubation. Internet
  574. nicardipine during pacing-induced angina pectoris. Am. J.Cardiol., 59: 219-224.
  575. International Medical Research, 35: 52 - 58.
  576. Mikawa, K.;Obara, H. andKusunoki M. 1990. Effect of nicardipine on the cardiovascular response to tracheal
  577. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  578. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  579. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  580. Journal of Anaesthesia, 42(9): 785-788.
  581. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  582. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  583. with Thiopental Sodium. Korean J.Anesthesiol., 53(3): S7–S13.
  584. intubation. Br. J. Anaesth., 64(2):240-2.
  585. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  586. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  587. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor
  588. Lambert, C.R., Hill, J.A. and Nichols, W.W. 1985. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of nicardipine.
  589. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  590. Thomassen, A., Bagger, J.P., Nielsen, T.T. andHenningsen, P. 1987. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of
  591. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  592. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  593. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  594. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  595. Mahjoubifar, M. andShBorjianBoroojeny 2010 .I RCMJ; 12(4):406-408 ©Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.
  596. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  597. Kim, J.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, J.Y.; Shin,H.W. and Park,Y.C. 2007: Effect of
  598. Yoshitaka Fujii,Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yuhji Saitoh andHidenoriToyooka 1995. Effects of calcium channel blockers
  599. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  600. Journal of Anesthesiology, 21 (1): 14.
  601. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  602. A. and Iwasaki, H. 1992. Effects of nicardipine
  603. Hyoung Yong Shin, Jun Woo Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Young Ho Jang, Jin Mo Kim and Jung InBae, 2007.The Effects of
  604. Taregh, S.H.;Katbab, M.R.;Katbab, A.; Eghbal, H. andAmini, A. 2009. 11(1):52-56.
  605. Am. J. Cardiol., 55: 652-6.
  606. dynamics in rabbit. Nihon GankaGakkaiZasshi., 97(6):665-71.
  607. 11.Sasaki, T. 1993. Effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor

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