Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : IV, Issue : VII, August - 2014

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEPALESE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF SIKKIM

Keshav Gautam, None

By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

This paper is a survey of the settlement of Nepalese in Sikkim from 18th to 20th century and its impact on the economy of Sikkim. Prior to the establishment of the Namgyal dynasty the economy of Sikkim depended on agriculture and cattle rearing. The whole area was covered with dense forests and the requirements of the people were met by its produce in the form of fodder and fuels. The scanty population could move and settle anywhere along with their families and cattle. With the establishment of the Namgyal dynasty in 1642 a new kingdom of Sikkim came into being. They tried to give a uniform system of administration and the state was formed and the process of assimilation of different stocks and races viz. the Bhutias, the Lepchas and the Nepalese continued till the first half of the 20th century. This process resulted in a number of social and economic systems either by adaptation or copying the system that prevailed in Sikkim, Tibet and Nepal. In the late 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century Sikkim started having a close contact with the neighbouring country of Nepal by the way of Nepalese conquests of Sikkimese lands in the south-west and cross border movements. The Nepalese started settling down on the lands thus conquered. The other factors responsible for the settlement of Nepalese in Sikkim were the Anglo-Nepalese of 1814-16 and the Treaty of Titalia between the British and Sikkim in 1817. By this Treaty the British granted back the territories of Sikkim earlier conquered by Nepal and the Nepalese who had already settled in the conquered areas of Sikkim became the subject of Sikkim ruler. With the British occupation of Darjeeling Nepalese further started settling down there due to the British encouragement as they needed cheap labour for plantation works started by the British. The movement of these people into Sikkimese territories was further noticed. With their settlement they brought in many systems that prevailed among them which led to many changes in the economy of Sikkim.

Keywords :

• Namgyal
• chogyal
• singpo
• kalons
• dzongpons
• che-se
• kang
• jama
• mana
• murhi
• pathi
• bisa panja
• raiti
• adhia
• kut
• theki- bethi
• chardam
• dhuri-khazana
• dooba
• chepte paisa
• Namgyal
• chogyal
• singpo
• kalons
• dzongpons
• che-se
• kang
• jama
• mana
• murhi
• pathi
• bisa panja
• raiti
• adhia
• kut
• theki- bethi
• chardam
• dhuri-khazana
• dooba
• chepte paisa

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189. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
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197. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
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227. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
228. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
229. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
230. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
231. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
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238. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
239. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
240. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
241. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
242. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
243. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
244. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
245. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
246. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
247. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
248. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
249. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
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254. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
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257. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
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264. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
265. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
266. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
267. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
268. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
269. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
270. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
271. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
272. (reprint)
273. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
274. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
275. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
276. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
277. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
278. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
279. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
280. (reprint)
281. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
282. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
283. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
284. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
285. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
286. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
287. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
288. (reprint)
289. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
290. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
291. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
292. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
293. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
294. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
295. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
296. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
297. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
298. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
299. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
300. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
301. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
302. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
303. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
304. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
305. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
306. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
307. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
308. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
309. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
310. (reprint)
311. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
312. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
313. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
314. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
315. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
316. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
317. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
318. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
319. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
320. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
321. (reprint)
322. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
323. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
324. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
325. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
326. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
327. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
328. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
329. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
330. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
331. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
332. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
333. (reprint)
334. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
335. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
336. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
337. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
338. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
339. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
340. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
341. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
342. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
343. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
344. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
345. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
346. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
347. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
348. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
349. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
350. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
351. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
352. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
353. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
354. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
355. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
356. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
357. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
358. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
359. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
360. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
361. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
362. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
363. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
364. (reprint)
365. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
366. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
367. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
368. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
369. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
370. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
371. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
372. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
373. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
374. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
375. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
376. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
377. (reprint)
378. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
379. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
380. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
381. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
382. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
383. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
384. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
385. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
386. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
387. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
388. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
389. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
390. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
391. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
392. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
393. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
394. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
395. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
396. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
397. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
398. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
399. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
400. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
401. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
402. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
403. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
404. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
405. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
406. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
407. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
408. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
409. (reprint)
410. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
411. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
412. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
413. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
414. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
415. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
416. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
417. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
418. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
419. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
420. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
421. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
422. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
423. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
424. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
425. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
426. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
427. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
428. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
429. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
430. (reprint)
431. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
432. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
433. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
434. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
435. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
436. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
437. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
438. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
439. Kathmandu, 1969 (reprint)
440. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
441. (reprint)
442. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
443. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
444. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
445. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
446. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
447. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
448. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
449. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
450. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
451. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
452. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
453. White, J. C., Sikkim and Bhutan – Twenty one Years on the North-East Frontier 1887-1908, London 1909
454. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
455. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
456. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
457. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
458. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,
459. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
460. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
461. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
462. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
463. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
464. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
465. Temple, Sir Richard, Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim and Nepal, Volume II, New Delhi, 1977
466. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
467. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
468. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
469. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
470. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
471. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
472. Aitchison, C. U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring
473. Relations with Tibet, Calcutta, 1885
474. Macaulay, Colman, Report on a Mission to Sikkim and Tibetan Frontier, 1884, With a Memorandum on our
475. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
476. Administration Report of the Sikkim State for the Year 1914-1915
477. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
478. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
479. (reprint)
480. Countries, Volume II and XII, Calcutta 1909
481. Report of the Committee on Land Reforms, Government of Sikkim, Department of Land Revenue, January, 1975
482. Hooker, J. D., Himalayan Journals, Volume I and II, New Delhi, 1980 (reprint)
483. (reprint)
484. Edgar, J. W., Report on a Visit to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier, in October, November and December 1873,

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