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Volume : IV, Issue : IV, May - 2014

MADRAS PRESS AND AGE OFCONSENTISSUE

Malliga Begum, -

By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

According to A.R. Desai , the Press in India was an effective weapon in the hands of social reform groups to expose social evils. The Press in the Colonial T amil Nadu richly contributed to the growth of the social reforms movement also, which, to a large extent, was part of the national movement. Sita Ram Singh observed, that nationalism and social reform 'went hand in glove' during the national movement in India. What he said about the close alliance between nationalism and social reform in India was true of the Colonial T amil Nadu also. Majority of the nationalist press in the Colonial T amil Nadu, supported the various issues connected with social reform. However, a few papers, like the The Hindu, Swadesamitan , New India, Indian Patriot, T amil Nadu, Swarjya highlighted nationalist ideas and expressed very conservative opinions on aspects connected with the social reform. The Hindu, under G.Subramania Iyer gave equal importance to the political and social issues while The Hindu, under Kasturi Renga Iyengar , concentrated only on national movement and freedom struggle. These newspapers created political awareness among the people in Colonial T amil Nadu. Another noteworthy feature was that pro- British papers like the Madras Mail , Andhra Prakasika, Justice, Non-Brahman, Dravidian, Kudi Arasu, Puratchi, Revolt, also supported various social reforms like abolition of child marriages, uplift of women and the improvement of the condition of women

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Cite This Article :

Malliga Begum, -(2014). MADRAS PRESS AND AGE OFCONSENTISSUE. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. IV, Issue. IV, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/4793.pdf

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  123. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
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  128. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
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  131. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
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  133. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  134. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  135. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  136. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
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  138. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  139. pp.103-132.
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  155. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
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  159. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  160. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  161. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  162. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
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  164. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
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  166. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
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  191. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  192. pp.103-132.
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  195. pp.103-132.
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  197. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
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  200. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
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  203. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  204. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
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  209. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  210. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  211. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  212. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  213. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  214. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  215. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  216. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  217. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  218. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  219. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  220. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  221. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  222. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  223. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  224. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  225. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  226. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  227. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  228. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  229. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  230. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  231. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  232. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  233. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  234. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  235. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  236. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  237. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  238. New India, 12 January 1915.
  239. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  240. New India, 12 January 1915.
  241. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  242. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  243. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  244. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  245. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  246. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  247. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  248. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  249. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  250. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  251. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  252. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
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  255. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
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  261. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
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  267. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  268. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  269. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
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  271. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  272. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  273. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  274. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  275. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  276. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  277. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  278. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  279. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  280. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  281. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  282. New India, 12 January 1915.
  283. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  284. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  285. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  286. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  287. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  288. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  289. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  290. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  291. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  292. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  293. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  294. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  295. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  296. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  297. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  298. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  299. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  300. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  301. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  302. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  303. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  304. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  305. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  306. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  307. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  308. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  309. pp.103-132.
  310. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  311. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  312. New India, 12 January 1915.
  313. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  314. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  315. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  316. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  317. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  318. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  319. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  320. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  321. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  322. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  323. 1891.
  324. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  325. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  326. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  327. pp.103-132.
  328. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  329. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  330. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  331. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  332. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  333. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  334. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  335. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  336. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  337. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  338. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  339. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  340. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  341. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  342. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  343. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  344. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  345. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  346. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  347. pp.103-132.
  348. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  349. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  350. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  351. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  352. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  353. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  354. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  355. 1891.
  356. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  357. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  358. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  359. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  360. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  361. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  362. 1891.
  363. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  364. New India, 12 January 1915.
  365. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  366. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  367. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  368. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  369. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  370. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  371. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  372. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  373. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  374. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  375. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  376. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  377. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  378. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  379. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  380. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  381. 1891.
  382. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  383. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  384. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  385. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  386. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  387. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  388. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  389. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  390. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  391. New India, 12 January 1915.
  392. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  393. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  394. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  395. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  396. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  397. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  398. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  399. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  400. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  401. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  402. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  403. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  404. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  405. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  406. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  407. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  408. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  409. 1891.
  410. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  411. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  412. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  413. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  414. pp.103-132.
  415. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  416. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  417. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  418. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  419. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  420. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  421. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  422. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  423. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  424. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  425. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  426. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  427. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  428. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  429. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  430. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  431. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  432. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  433. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  434. 1891.
  435. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  436. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  437. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  438. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  439. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  440. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  441. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  442. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  443. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  444. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  445. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  446. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  447. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  448. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  449. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  450. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  451. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  452. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  453. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  454. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  455. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  456. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  457. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  458. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  459. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  460. 1891.
  461. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  462. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  463. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  464. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  465. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  466. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  467. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  468. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  469. pp.103-132.
  470. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  471. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  472. pp.103-132.
  473. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  474. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  475. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  476. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  477. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  478. 1891.
  479. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  480. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  481. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  482. 1891.
  483. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  484. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  485. 1891.
  486. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  487. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  488. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  489. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  490. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  491. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  492. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  493. 1891.
  494. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  495. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  496. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  497. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  498. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  499. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  500. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  501. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  502. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  503. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  504. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  505. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  506. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  507. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  508. New India, 12 January 1915.
  509. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  510. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  511. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  512. 1891.
  513. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  514. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  515. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  516. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  517. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  518. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  519. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  520. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  521. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  522. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  523. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  524. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  525. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  526. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  527. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  528. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  529. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  530. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  531. pp.103-132.
  532. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  533. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  534. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  535. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  536. 1891.
  537. New India, 12 January 1915.
  538. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  539. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  540. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  541. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  542. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  543. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  544. pp.103-132.
  545. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  546. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  547. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  548. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  549. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  550. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  551. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  552. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  553. pp.103-132.
  554. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  555. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  556. New India, 12 January 1915.
  557. New India, 12 January 1915.
  558. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  559. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  560. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  561. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  562. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  563. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  564. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  565. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  566. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  567. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  568. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  569. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  570. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  571. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  572. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  573. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  574. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  575. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  576. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  577. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  578. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  579. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  580. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  581. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  582. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  583. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  584. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  585. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  586. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  587. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  588. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  589. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  590. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  591. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  592. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  593. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  594. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  595. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  596. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  597. pp.103-132.
  598. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  599. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  600. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  601. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  602. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  603. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  604. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  605. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  606. New India, 12 January 1915.
  607. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  608. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  609. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  610. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  611. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  612. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  613. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  614. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  615. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  616. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  617. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  618. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  619. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  620. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  621. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  622. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  623. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  624. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  625. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  626. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  627. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  628. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  629. New India, 12 January 1915.
  630. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  631. pp.103-132.
  632. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  633. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  634. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  635. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  636. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  637. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  638. pp.103-132.
  639. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  640. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  641. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  642. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  643. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  644. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  645. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  646. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  647. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  648. pp.103-132.
  649. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  650. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  651. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  652. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  653. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  654. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  655. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  656. 1891.
  657. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  658. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  659. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  660. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  661. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  662. 1891.
  663. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  664. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  665. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  666. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  667. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  668. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  669. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  670. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  671. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  672. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  673. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  674. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  675. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  676. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  677. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  678. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  679. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  680. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  681. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  682. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  683. 1891.
  684. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  685. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  686. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  687. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  688. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  689. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  690. 1891.
  691. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  692. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  693. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  694. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  695. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  696. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  697. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  698. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  699. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  700. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  701. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  702. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  703. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  704. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  705. pp.103-132.
  706. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  707. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  708. pp.103-132.
  709. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  710. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  711. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  712. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  713. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  714. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  715. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  716. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  717. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  718. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  719. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  720. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  721. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  722. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  723. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  724. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  725. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  726. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  727. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  728. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  729. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  730. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  731. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  732. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  733. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  734. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  735. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  736. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  737. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  738. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  739. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  740. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  741. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  742. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  743. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  744. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  745. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  746. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  747. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  748. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  749. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  750. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  751. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  752. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  753. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  754. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  755. 1891.
  756. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  757. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  758. pp.103-132.
  759. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  760. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  761. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  762. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  763. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  764. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  765. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  766. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  767. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  768. New India, 12 January 1915.
  769. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  770. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  771. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  772. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  773. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  774. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  775. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  776. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  777. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  778. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  779. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  780. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  781. 1891.
  782. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  783. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  784. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  785. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  786. pp.103-132.
  787. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  788. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  789. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  790. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  791. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  792. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  793. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  794. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  795. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  796. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  797. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  798. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  799. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  800. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  801. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  802. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  803. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  804. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  805. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  806. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  807. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  808. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  809. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  810. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  811. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  812. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  813. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  814. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  815. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  816. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  817. 1891.
  818. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  819. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  820. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  821. New India, 12 January 1915.
  822. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  823. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  824. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  825. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  826. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  827. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  828. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  829. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  830. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  831. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  832. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  833. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  834. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  835. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  836. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  837. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  838. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  839. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  840. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  841. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  842. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  843. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  844. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  845. pp.103-132.
  846. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  847. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  848. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  849. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  850. 1891.
  851. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  852. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  853. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  854. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  855. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  856. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  857. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  858. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  859. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  860. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  861. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  862. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  863. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  864. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  865. 1891.
  866. New India, 12 January 1915.
  867. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  868. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  869. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  870. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  871. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  872. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  873. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  874. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  875. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  876. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  877. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  878. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  879. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  880. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  881. 1891.
  882. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  883. pp.103-132.
  884. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  885. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  886. pp.103-132.
  887. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  888. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  889. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  890. 1891.
  891. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  892. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  893. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  894. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  895. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  896. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  897. 1891.
  898. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  899. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  900. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  901. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  902. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  903. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  904. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  905. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  906. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  907. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
  908. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  909. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  910. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  911. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  912. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  913. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  914. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  915. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  916. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  917. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  918. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  919. 1891.
  920. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  921. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  922. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  923. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  924. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  925. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  926. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  927. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  928. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  929. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  930. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  931. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  932. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  933. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  934. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
  935. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  936. New India, 12 January 1915.
  937. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  938. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  939. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  940. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
  941. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  942. New India, 12 January 1915.
  943. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  944. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  945. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
  946. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  947. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  948. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  949. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  950. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  951. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  952. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  953. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  954. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  955. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  956. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  957. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
  958. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
  959. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
  960. New India, 12 January 1915.
  961. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  962. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
  963. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
  964. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
  965. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
  966. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
  967. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
  968. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  969. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
  970. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  971. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
  972. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
  973. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
  974. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
  975. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
  976. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
  977. pp.103-132.
  978. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
  979. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
  980. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
  981. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
  982. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
  983. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
  984. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
  985. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  986. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
  987. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
  988. 1891.
  989. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
  990. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
  991. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
  992. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38

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