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Volume : IV, Issue : II, March - 2014

IMPACT OF CURCUMIN ON NICOTINE-INDUCED LUNG CHANGE: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY

Sawsan H. Karam, Anisa S. Mohamed, Sahar M. Mansour, Heba I. Issa, Amany Abdel Ghaffar, Atef M. Mahmoud and Seham Abdel Dayem

By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

Background: Nicotine, major toxic component of cigarette smoke, is considered to be the main risk factor in the development of pulmonary diseases Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological, biochemical and immunological changes in albino rats following intraperitoneal injection of nicotine. The possible protective effect of curcumin was also evaluated. Material and Methods: The study included three groups, the first served as control. The second was injected with nicotine (2.5mg/ kg body weigh) for eight weeks. The third group was injected with nicotine as the second group in addition to curcumin (80mg/kg body weight) for also eight weeks. Results: Injection with nicotine resulted in replacement of air sacs in lung tissue by connective tissue full of large number of inflammatory cells and red cells. Respiratory bronchioles were disrupted and their lumen was closed with acidophilic material. Biochemically increased Malondialdehyde (MA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Ca) were documented. Immunologically, nicotine was an important immuno-suppressive constituent of cigarette smoke. The previous results were improved in curcumine treated group indicating its protective role against the oxidative stress .Conclusion: We concluded that, consumption of curcumine to smokers can protect against lung hazards.

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Cite This Article :

Sawsan H. Karam, Anisa S. Mohamed, Sahar M. Mansour, Heba I. Issa, Amany Abdel Ghaffar, Atef M. Mahmoud and Seham Abdel Dayem(2014). IMPACT OF CURCUMIN ON NICOTINE-INDUCED LUNG CHANGE: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. IV, Issue. II, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/4385.pdf

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  112. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
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  114. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
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  124. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  125. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  126. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
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  129. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
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  131. clinic.
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  140. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  141. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  142. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  143. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  144. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  145. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  146. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  147. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  148. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
  149. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  150. clinic.
  151. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  152. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  153. Chem., 193: 265-275
  154. 129
  155. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  156. clinic.
  157. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  158. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  159. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  160. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  161. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  162. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  163. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  164. Chem., 193: 265-275
  165. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  166. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  167. 357: 593-615.
  168. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  169. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
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  172. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  173. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  174. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  175. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  176. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  177. 537-544.
  178. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  179. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  180. 357: 593-615.
  181. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  182. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  183. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  184. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  185. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  186. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  187. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
  188. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  189. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  190. 537-544.
  191. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  192. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  193. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  194. 537-544.
  195. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  196. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
  197. Choi, J., Hoffman L.A., Rodway G.W. and Sethi J.M. 2006. Markers of lung disease in exhaled breath: nitric oxide. Biol. Res.
  198. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  199. Chem., 193: 265-275
  200. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  201. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  202. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  203. 129
  204. 357: 593-615.
  205. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  206. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  207. Choi, J., Hoffman L.A., Rodway G.W. and Sethi J.M. 2006. Markers of lung disease in exhaled breath: nitric oxide. Biol. Res.
  208. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
  209. Choi, J., Hoffman L.A., Rodway G.W. and Sethi J.M. 2006. Markers of lung disease in exhaled breath: nitric oxide. Biol. Res.
  210. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  211. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  212. 537-544.
  213. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  214. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  215. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  216. 537-544.
  217. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  218. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
  219. Choi, J., Hoffman L.A., Rodway G.W. and Sethi J.M. 2006. Markers of lung disease in exhaled breath: nitric oxide. Biol. Res.
  220. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  221. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  222. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  223. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  224. 129
  225. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  226. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  227. 537-544.
  228. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  229. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  230. 357: 593-615.
  231. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  232. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  233. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  234. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  235. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  236. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  237. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  238. clinic.
  239. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  240. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  241. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  242. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  243. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  244. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
  245. induced inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species generation: novel therapeutic implications. J. Biosci., 28: 715–721.
  246. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  247. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  248. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  249. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  250. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  251. 537-544.
  252. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  253. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  254. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  255. Lowry, O.H. Rosebrough N.J. Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol.
  256. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  257. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  258. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
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  260. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  261. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  262. Chem., 193: 265-275
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  336. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
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  350. clinic.
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  352. clinic.
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  369. 357: 593-615.
  370. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
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  372. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  373. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  374. Chem., 193: 265-275
  375. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  376. Nurs., 7: 241-255
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  382. induced inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species generation: novel therapeutic implications. J. Biosci., 28: 715–721.
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  387. induced inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species generation: novel therapeutic implications. J. Biosci., 28: 715–721.
  388. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  389. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  390. Chem., 193: 265-275
  391. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  392. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  393. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  394. Chem., 193: 265-275
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  396. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
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  398. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
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  400. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  401. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  402. Chem., 193: 265-275
  403. Kalpana, C., Sudheer A.R., Rajasekharan K.N. and Menon V.P. 2007. Comparative effects of curcumin and its synthetic
  404. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
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  410. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
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  415. Nurs., 7: 241-255
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  419. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
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  422. 537-544.
  423. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  424. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  425. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  426. Chem., 193: 265-275
  427. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  428. Choi, J., Hoffman L.A., Rodway G.W. and Sethi J.M. 2006. Markers of lung disease in exhaled breath: nitric oxide. Biol. Res.
  429. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  430. clinic.
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  432. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  433. 537-544.
  434. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  435. Chem., 193: 265-275
  436. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
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  441. clinic.
  442. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
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  447. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
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  451. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  452. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
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  454. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
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  460. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
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  467. 357: 593-615.
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  477. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
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  498. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
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  502. clinic.
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  525. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  526. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  527. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  528. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  529. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  530. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
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  538. clinic.
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  548. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
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  552. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  553. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
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  566. 537-544.
  567. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  568. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  569. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  570. clinic.
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  576. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
  577. clinic.
  578. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
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  585. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  586. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
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  588. Nurs., 7: 241-255
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  590. Chem., 193: 265-275
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  592. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  593. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  594. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
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  596. clinic.
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  598. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  599. 357: 593-615.
  600. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
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  602. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  603. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
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  606. 357: 593-615.
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  611. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  612. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  613. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  614. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
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  617. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
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  623. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
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  633. Kalpana, C., Sudheer A.R., Rajasekharan K.N. and Menon V.P. 2007. Comparative effects of curcumin and its synthetic
  634. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  635. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  636. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  637. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
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  643. 537-544.
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  646. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
  647. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  648. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  649. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  650. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  651. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  652. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  653. Chem., 193: 265-275
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  655. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
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  658. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  659. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  660. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  661. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  662. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  663. Kalpana, C., Sudheer A.R., Rajasekharan K.N. and Menon V.P. 2007. Comparative effects of curcumin and its synthetic
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  669. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  670. analogue on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Singapore Med. J., 48(2): 124-
  671. pathway in adenocarcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14143-14149
  672. Chem., 193: 265-275
  673. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  674. 357: 593-615.
  675. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  676. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  677. Alderton, W.K., Cooper C.E. and Knowles R.G. 2001. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J.,
  678. Kalpana, C. and Menon V.P. 2004. Inhibition of nicotine-induced toxicity by curcumin and curcumin analog: a comparative
  679. 537-544.
  680. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  681. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  682. Lowry, O.H. Rosebrough N.J. Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol.
  683. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
  684. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  685. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
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  689. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  690. 357: 593-615.
  691. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  692. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  693. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  694. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  695. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  696. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  697. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  698. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  699. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  700. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  701. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  702. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  703. Dicke, K.E., Skrlin S.M. and Murphy S.E. 2005. Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism
  704. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  705. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  706. Lee, H.I., Mc Gregor R.A., Choi M.S., Seo K.I., Jung U.J., Yeo J., Kim M.J. and Lee M.K. 2013. Low doses of curcumin
  707. Lowry, O.H. Rosebrough N.J. Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol.
  708. Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 82: 70–77.
  709. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  710. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  711. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  712. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
  713. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
  714. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  715. 357: 593-615.
  716. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  717. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
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  723. Nurs., 7: 241-255
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  725. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
  726. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  727. 357: 593-615.
  728. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  729. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
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  743. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
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  749. clinic.
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  754. Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(4): 787-809.
  755. 357: 593-615.
  756. Ogna, A. Noirez L. Lazor R. and Nicod L.P. 2012. Respiratory brochiolitis and respiratory brochiolitis-associated
  757. interstitial lung disease. Rev. Med. Suisse, 21(8): 2228-2232.
  758. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  759. by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 1760-1764.
  760. Balasubramanyam, M., Koteswari A.A., Kumar R.S., Monickaraj S.F., Maheswari J.U. and Mohan V. 2003. Curcumin
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  765. Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem., 47: 469-474
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  768. Nurs., 7: 241-255
  769. Ajay, Goel Ajaikumar, B.K. unnumakkara and Bhaarat B. Aggarwal. 2008. Curcumin as (curcumin): Fromm kitchen to
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  771. study. J. Med. Food, 7: 467-471
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  775. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  776. induced inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species generation: novel therapeutic implications. J. Biosci., 28: 715–721.
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  784. 537-544.
  785. Biochem., 95: 351-358.
  786. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
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  788. Lepovire, M., Chenais B. and Yapo Al. 1990. Alterations of ribonucleotide reductase activity following induction of nitritegenerating
  789. Marklund, S. and Marklund G. 1974. Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a
  790. protect alcohol-induced liver damage by modulation of the alcohol metabolic pathway, CYP2E1 and AMPK. Life Sci., 13(2):
  791. Ohkawa, H.; Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal.
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