DOI Prefix : 10.9780 | Journal DOI : 10.9780/22307850
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Volume : IV, Issue : I, February - 2014

BRAND ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THREE TOURIST NATIONS

Nripendra Singh, Sunaina Ahuja

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

This paper gives brand architectural model of three tourist nations, which are ranked amongst top 32 tourist destinations by United Nations World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO) and top 34 tourist destinations, under travel and tourism index by World Economic forum. These tourist nations are United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Australia. The methodology used is the case study method. Identification of attributes from secondary sources journals, white papers and websites of the above mentioned three nations have been done. They have been validated with in-depth interviews of foreign nationals. This paper is unique as it is for the first time that brand architectural model has been developed for these nations using theoretical framework of destination branding.

Keywords :


    Article :


    Cite This Article :

    Nripendra Singh, Sunaina Ahuja(2014). BRAND ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THREE TOURIST NATIONS. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. IV, Issue. I, DOI : 10.9780/22307850, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/4199.pdf

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    241. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
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    257. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
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    259. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    260. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
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    262. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
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    265. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    266. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    267. tourism management, 334-340.
    268. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    269. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
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    271. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    272. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    273. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    274. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
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    278. 45(2), 198-200
    279. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
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    283. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
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    285. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    286. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    287. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    288. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    289. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    290. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    291. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    292. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    293. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
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    295. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    296. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    297. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
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    308. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
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    318. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    319. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    320. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    321. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    322. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    323. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
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    325. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
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    347. tourism management, 334-340.
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    349. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
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    351. tourism management, 334-340.
    352. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    353. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    354. tourism management, 334-340.
    355. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    356. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    357. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    358. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    359. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    360. tourism management, 334-340.
    361. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    362. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    363. 45(2), 198-200
    364. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    365. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    366. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    367. tourism management, 334-340.
    368. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    369. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    370. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    371. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
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    374. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    375. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    376. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    377. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    378. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    379. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
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    381. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    382. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    383. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    384. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    385. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    386. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    387. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    388. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    389. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    390. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    391. tourism management, 334-340.
    392. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    393. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    394. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    395. tourism management, 334-340.
    396. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    397. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    398. 296-304.
    399. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    400. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    401. tourism management, 334-340.
    402. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    403. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    404. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    405. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    406. 45(2), 198-200
    407. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    408. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    409. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    410. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    411. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    412. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    413. tourism management, 334-340.
    414. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    415. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    416. 45(2), 198-200
    417. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    418. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    419. 296-304.
    420. 296-304.
    421. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    422. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    423. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    424. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    425. tourism management, 334-340.
    426. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    427. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    428. 296-304.
    429. 296-304.
    430. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    431. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    432. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    433. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    434. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    435. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    436. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    437. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    438. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    439. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    440. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    441. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    442. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    443. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    444. 296-304.
    445. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    446. tourism management, 334-340.
    447. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    448. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    449. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    450. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    451. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    452. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    453. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    454. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    455. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    456. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    457. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    458. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    459. 45(2), 198-200
    460. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    461. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    462. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    463. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    464. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    465. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    466. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    467. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    468. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    469. tourism management, 334-340.
    470. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    471. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    472. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    473. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    474. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    475. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    476. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    477. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    478. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    479. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    480. tourism management, 334-340.
    481. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    482. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    483. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    484. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    485. tourism management, 334-340.
    486. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    487. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    488. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    489. tourism management, 334-340.
    490. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    491. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    492. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    493. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    494. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    495. 296-304.
    496. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    497. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    498. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    499. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    500. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    501. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    502. tourism management, 334-340.
    503. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    504. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    505. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    506. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    507. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    508. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    509. 296-304.
    510. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    511. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    512. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    513. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    514. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    515. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    516. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    517. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    518. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    519. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    520. tourism management, 334-340.
    521. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    522. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    523. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    524. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    525. Aaker, D.A., & Joachimsthaler, E.A. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge.
    526. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    527. tourism management, 334-340.
    528. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    529. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    530. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    531. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    532. 45(2), 198-200
    533. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    534. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    535. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    536. 296-304.
    537. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    538. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    539. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    540. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    541. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    542. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    543. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    544. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    545. 45(2), 198-200
    546. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    547. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    548. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    549. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    550. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    551. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    552. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    553. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    554. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    555. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    556. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    557. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    558. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    559. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    560. tourism management, 334-340.
    561. 45(2), 198-200
    562. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    563. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    564. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    565. tourism management, 334-340.
    566. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    567. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    568. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    569. Australia.aspx Australias tourism official website,
    570. http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-Australia.aspx
    571. Australias tourism campaign and branding, http://www.tourism.australia.com/en- au/marketing/campaigns_Nothing-Like-
    572. Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
    573. portfolio, Place branding 1(4), 402-419.
    574. 45(2), 198-200
    575. Nation Branding, Tourism and International Investments.Global peace index 2012 report,
    576. to an integrated framework. The Berlin International Economics Congress 2011: An International Conference on the Future of
    577. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    578. tourism management, 334-340.
    579. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    580. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
    581. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    582. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    583. tourism management, 334-340.
    584. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    585. Anholt, S. (2005). Anholt Nation Brand Index: How Does the World see America? Journal of Advertising Research, 45(3),
    586. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    587. tourism management, 334-340.
    588. Anholt, S. (2009). Handbook on Tourism Destinations Branding. Printed by the World
    589. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    590. tourism management, 334-340.
    591. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    592. Ahmed, Z., U. (1991). The influence of the components of a states tourist image on product positioning strategy. Journal of
    593. tourism management, 334-340.
    594. Davis (2005). Marketers challenged to respond to changing nature of brand building. Journal of advertising research,
    595. Giannopoulos, Piha, Avlonitis (2011). Desti–Nation Branding: what for? From the notions of tourism and nation branding
    596. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012- Global-Peace-Index-Report.pdf. Retrieved 15-Jun-2013.
    597. 296-304.
    598. Bhat, D. (2010). Destination Dubai: Building a brand. The ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre
    599. Amit, S. (2010). Destination Branding, an Introduction. The ICFAI University Press.
    600. Dooley & Bowie (2005). Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand
    601. California Management Review. 42(4), 8-23.
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