DOI Prefix : 10.9780 | Journal DOI : 10.9780/22307850
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Volume : V, Issue : VII, August - 2015

EVALUATION OF POINT-OF-USE (POU) DRINKING WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF COLIFORMS IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS

Jadhav A.S, J. S. Samant

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

Clean drinking water is one of the basic necessities of every human being, irrespective of his origin or socio-economic status. Water is the most abundant chemical in the human body and plays a central role in the regulation of nutrient transport, toxic waste removal, thermal regulation, and digestion, organ functioning and metabolic activities. However, if water is fecally polluted it spreads diseases into a great number of consumers. World-wide waterborne diseases account for one third of the intestinal infections (Hunter, 1997). According to UNDP (2003), it has been estimated that 1.1 billion people do not have access to improved drinking water sources. Consumption of unsafe water, mostly in children, is one of the major causes of around 2.2 million diarrheal disease deaths occurring annually (WHO, 2005).

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    Cite This Article :

    Jadhav A.S, J. S. Samant(2015). EVALUATION OF POINT-OF-USE (POU) DRINKING WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF COLIFORMS IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS . Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. V, Issue. VII, DOI : 10.9780/22307850, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/7019.pdf

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    99. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    100. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
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    102. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    103. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    104. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
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    110. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    111. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    112. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    113. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    114. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    115. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    116. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    117. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    118. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    119. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    120. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    121. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    122. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    123. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    124. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    125. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    126. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    127. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    128. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    129. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    130. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    131. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    132. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    133. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    134. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    135. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    136. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    137. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    138. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    139. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    140. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    141. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    142. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    143. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    144. Clasen T., W. P. Scmidt, T. Rabie and S. Cairncross, (2007), Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea, Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 334 (7597), pp 782.
    145. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    146. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    147. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    148. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    149. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    150. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    151. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    152. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    153. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    154. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    155. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    156. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    157. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    158. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    159. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    160. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    161. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    162. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    163. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    164. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    165. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    166. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    167. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    168. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    169. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    170. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    171. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    172. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    173. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    174. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    175. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    176. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    177. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    178. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    179. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    180. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    181. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    182. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    183. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    184. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    185. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    186. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    187. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    188. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    189. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    190. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    191. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    192. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    193. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    194. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    195. Clasen T., W. P. Scmidt, T. Rabie and S. Cairncross, (2007), Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea, Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 334 (7597), pp 782.
    196. Clasen T., W. P. Scmidt, T. Rabie and S. Cairncross, (2007), Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea, Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 334 (7597), pp 782.
    197. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    198. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    199. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    200. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    201. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    202. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    203. Clasen T., W. P. Scmidt, T. Rabie and S. Cairncross, (2007), Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea, Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 334 (7597), pp 782.
    204. Clasen T., W. P. Scmidt, T. Rabie and S. Cairncross, (2007), Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea, Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 334 (7597), pp 782.
    205. Agarwal A. and G. S. Rajwar, (2010), Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Tehri Dam Reservoir, Garhwal Himalaya, India, Journal of American Science, Vol. 6(6), pp 65-71.
    206. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    207. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    208. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    209. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    210. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    211. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    212. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    213. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    214. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    215. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    216. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    217. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    218. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    219. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.
    220. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    221. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    222. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    223. Barcina I., J. M. Gonzalez, J. Iriberri, and L. Egea, (1990), Survival Strategies of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in illuminated Fresh and Marine Systems, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 68, pp 189-198.
    224. Abadie R. M. G., (2007), Re-Assessing Boiling as a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options, Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, pp 103-107.
    225. Block S. S., (2001), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed., PA: Lippin cott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 1-23.
    226. Brahmi Mounaouer and Hassen Abdennaceur, (2015), Bacteriological quality of effluent submitted consecutively to a macrofiltration and ultraviolet light systems in the Tunisian conditions, Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, DOI 10.1186/s40201-015-0154-6.
    227. Davies, C. M. and L. M. Evison, (1991), Sunlight and the Survival Of Enteric Bacteria in Natural Waters, J Appl Bacteriol, Vol. 70, pp 265–274.
    228. Awrajaw Dessie, Esayas Alemayehu , Seblework Mekonen , Worku Legesse , Helmut Kloos and Argaw Ambelu,(2014), Solar disinfection: an approach for low-cost household water treatment technology in Southwestern Ethiopia, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-25.
    229. Go´mez-Couso H. M., C. Fonta´n-Saı´nz, P. Sichel, Ferna´ndez-Iba´n˜ez and E. Ares-Maza´s, (2009), Efficacy of the Solar Water Disinfection Method in Turbid Waters Experimentally Contaminated with Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts Under Real Field Conditions, Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.14 (6), pp 620–627
    230. Ghislaine Rosa, Laura Miller, and Thomas Clasen, (2010), Microbiological effectiveness of disinfecting water by boiling in rural Guatemala, Am J Trop Med Hyg., 82(3): 473–477.

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