Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : V, Issue : VII, August - 2015

ASPECTS OF EXISTENTIALISM IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE - A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NOVELS OF JAMES BALDWIN

J. Kavitha, A.K. Polson

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

James Arthur Baldwin, raised out of the racial nightmare of Harlem to carve a permanent niche for himself in American letters, is easily the most gifted and the most disturbing artist of distinction to have appeared in the history of black American literature. “I would place him very high among writers,” said Benjamin DeMott, “in part because his work showed a powerful commitment to the right values and had a profound impact for good on our culture” (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol.50.83). He was a writer of daring and dignity and his soul witnessed a tug-of-war between two un- compromising urges – one yearning for his African roots and the other lamenting over and rejoicing in its American heritage of insult and injury, of freedom and possibility.

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References :

1. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
2. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
3. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
4. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
5. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
6. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
7. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
8. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
9. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
10. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
11. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
12. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
13. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
14. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
15. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
16. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
17. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
18. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
19. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
20. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
21. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
22. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
23. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
24. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
25. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
26. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
27. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
28. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
29. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
30. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
31. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
32. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
33. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
34. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
35. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
36. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
37. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
38. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
39. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
40. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
41. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
42. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
43. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
44. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
45. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
46. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
47. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
48. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
49. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
50. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
51. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
52. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
53. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
54. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
55. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
56. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
57. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
58. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
59. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
60. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
61. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
62. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
63. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
64. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
65. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
66. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
67. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
68. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
69. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
70. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
71. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
72. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
73. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
74. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
75. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
76. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
77. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
78. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
79. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
80. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
81. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
82. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
83. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
84. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
85. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
86. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
87. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
88. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
89. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
90. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
91. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
92. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
93. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
94. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
95. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
96. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
97. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
98. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
99. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
100. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
101. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
102. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
103. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
104. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
105. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
106. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
107. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
108. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
109. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.
110. Granville Hicks, “Commitment without Compromise.” Saturday Review, 1 July 19 61, Saturday Review, 24 (October 1964). Print
111. F.L. Standley and L.H. Praaatt, Conversations with James Baldwin Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1979. Print.
112. Howe, Irving, Democratic Humanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Print
113. Baldwin, James. Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dial Press, 1956 Print.

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