Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : IV, Issue : IV, May - 2014

MADRAS PRESS AND AGE OFCONSENTISSUE

Malliga Begum, -

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

According to A.R. Desai , the Press in India was an effective weapon in the hands of social reform groups to expose social evils. The Press in the Colonial T amil Nadu richly contributed to the growth of the social reforms movement also, which, to a large extent, was part of the national movement. Sita Ram Singh observed, that nationalism and social reform 'went hand in glove' during the national movement in India. What he said about the close alliance between nationalism and social reform in India was true of the Colonial T amil Nadu also. Majority of the nationalist press in the Colonial T amil Nadu, supported the various issues connected with social reform. However, a few papers, like the The Hindu, Swadesamitan , New India, Indian Patriot, T amil Nadu, Swarjya highlighted nationalist ideas and expressed very conservative opinions on aspects connected with the social reform. The Hindu, under G.Subramania Iyer gave equal importance to the political and social issues while The Hindu, under Kasturi Renga Iyengar , concentrated only on national movement and freedom struggle. These newspapers created political awareness among the people in Colonial T amil Nadu. Another noteworthy feature was that pro- British papers like the Madras Mail , Andhra Prakasika, Justice, Non-Brahman, Dravidian, Kudi Arasu, Puratchi, Revolt, also supported various social reforms like abolition of child marriages, uplift of women and the improvement of the condition of women

Keywords :

• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.
• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.
• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.
• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.
• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.
• press
• age of consent
• social reform
• orthodox
• puberty
• child marriage.

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References :

1. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
2. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
3. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
4. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
5. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
6. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
7. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
8. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
9. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
10. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
11. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
12. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
13. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
14. New India, 12 January 1915.
15. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
16. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
17. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
18. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
19. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
20. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
21. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
22. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
23. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
24. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
25. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
26. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
27. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
28. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
29. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
30. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
31. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
32. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
33. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
34. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
35. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
36. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
37. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
38. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
39. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
40. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
41. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
42. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
43. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
44. 1891.
45. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
46. New India, 12 January 1915.
47. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
48. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
49. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
50. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
51. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
52. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
53. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
54. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
55. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
56. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
57. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
58. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
59. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
60. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
61. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
62. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
63. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
64. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
65. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
66. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
67. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
68. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
69. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
70. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
71. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
72. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
73. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
74. New India, 12 January 1915.
75. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
76. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
77. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
78. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
79. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
80. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
81. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
82. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
83. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
84. pp.103-132.
85. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
86. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
87. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
88. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
89. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
90. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
91. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
92. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
93. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
94. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
95. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
96. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
97. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
98. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
99. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
100. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
101. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
102. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
103. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
104. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
105. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
106. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
107. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
108. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
109. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
110. 1891.
111. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
112. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
113. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
114. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
115. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
116. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
117. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
118. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
119. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
120. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
121. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
122. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
123. 1891.
124. pp.103-132.
125. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
126. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
127. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
128. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
129. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
130. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
131. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
132. pp.103-132.
133. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
134. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
135. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
136. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
137. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
138. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
139. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
140. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
141. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
142. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
143. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
144. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
145. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
146. pp.103-132.
147. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
148. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
149. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
150. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
151. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
152. pp.103-132.
153. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
154. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
155. 1891.
156. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
157. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
158. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
159. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
160. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
161. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
162. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
163. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
164. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
165. pp.103-132.
166. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
167. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
168. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
169. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
170. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
171. pp.103-132.
172. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
173. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
174. New India, 12 January 1915.
175. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
176. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
177. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
178. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
179. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
180. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
181. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
182. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
183. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
184. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
185. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
186. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
187. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
188. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
189. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
190. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
191. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
192. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
193. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
194. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
195. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
196. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
197. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
198. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
199. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
200. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
201. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
202. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
203. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
204. pp.103-132.
205. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
206. New India, 12 January 1915.
207. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
208. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
209. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
210. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
211. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
212. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
213. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
214. 1891.
215. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
216. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
217. New India, 12 January 1915.
218. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
219. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
220. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
221. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
222. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
223. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
224. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
225. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
226. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
227. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
228. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
229. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
230. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
231. New India, 12 January 1915.
232. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
233. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
234. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
235. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
236. New India, 12 January 1915.
237. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
238. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
239. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
240. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
241. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
242. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
243. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
244. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
245. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
246. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
247. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
248. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
249. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
250. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
251. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
252. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
253. New India, 12 January 1915.
254. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
255. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
256. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
257. 1891.
258. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
259. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
260. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
261. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
262. 1891.
263. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
264. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
265. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
266. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
267. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
268. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
269. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
270. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
271. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
272. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
273. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
274. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
275. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
276. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
277. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
278. 1891.
279. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
280. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
281. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
282. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
283. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
284. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
285. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
286. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
287. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
288. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
289. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
290. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
291. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
292. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
293. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
294. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
295. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
296. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
297. New India, 12 January 1915.
298. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
299. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
300. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
301. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
302. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
303. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
304. pp.103-132.
305. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
306. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
307. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
308. pp.103-132.
309. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
310. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
311. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
312. pp.103-132.
313. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
314. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
315. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
316. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
317. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
318. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
319. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
320. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
321. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
322. 1891.
323. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
324. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
325. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
326. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
327. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
328. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
329. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
330. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
331. pp.103-132.
332. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
333. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
334. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
335. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
336. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
337. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
338. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
339. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
340. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
341. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
342. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
343. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
344. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
345. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
346. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
347. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
348. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
349. pp.103-132.
350. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
351. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
352. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
353. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
354. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
355. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
356. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
357. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
358. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
359. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
360. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
361. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
362. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
363. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
364. 1891.
365. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
366. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
367. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
368. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
369. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
370. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
371. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
372. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
373. 1891.
374. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
375. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
376. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
377. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
378. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
379. New India, 12 January 1915.
380. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
381. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
382. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
383. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
384. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
385. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
386. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
387. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
388. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
389. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
390. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
391. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
392. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
393. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
394. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
395. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
396. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
397. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
398. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
399. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
400. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
401. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
402. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
403. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
404. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
405. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
406. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
407. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
408. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
409. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
410. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
411. 1891.
412. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
413. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
414. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
415. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
416. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
417. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
418. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
419. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
420. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
421. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
422. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
423. 1891.
424. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
425. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
426. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
427. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
428. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
429. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
430. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
431. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
432. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
433. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
434. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
435. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
436. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
437. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
438. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
439. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
440. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
441. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
442. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
443. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
444. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
445. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
446. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
447. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
448. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
449. New India, 12 January 1915.
450. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
451. New India, 12 January 1915.
452. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
453. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
454. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
455. 1891.
456. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
457. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
458. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
459. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
460. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
461. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
462. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
463. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
464. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
465. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
466. pp.103-132.
467. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
468. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
469. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
470. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
471. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
472. pp.103-132.
473. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
474. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
475. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
476. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
477. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
478. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
479. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
480. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
481. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
482. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
483. 1891.
484. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
485. pp.103-132.
486. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
487. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
488. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
489. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
490. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
491. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
492. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
493. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
494. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
495. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
496. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
497. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
498. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
499. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
500. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
501. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
502. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
503. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
504. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
505. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
506. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
507. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
508. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
509. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
510. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
511. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
512. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
513. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
514. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
515. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
516. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
517. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
518. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
519. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
520. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
521. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
522. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
523. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
524. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
525. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
526. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
527. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
528. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
529. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
530. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
531. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
532. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
533. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
534. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
535. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
536. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
537. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
538. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
539. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
540. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
541. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
542. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
543. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
544. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
545. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
546. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
547. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
548. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
549. New India, 12 January 1915.
550. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
551. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
552. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
553. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
554. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
555. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
556. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
557. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
558. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
559. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
560. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
561. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
562. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
563. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
564. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
565. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
566. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
567. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
568. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
569. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
570. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
571. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
572. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
573. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
574. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
575. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
576. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
577. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
578. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
579. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
580. pp.103-132.
581. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
582. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
583. New India, 12 January 1915.
584. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
585. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
586. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
587. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
588. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
589. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
590. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
591. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
592. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
593. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
594. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
595. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
596. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
597. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
598. 1891.
599. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
600. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
601. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
602. pp.103-132.
603. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
604. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
605. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
606. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
607. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
608. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
609. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
610. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
611. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
612. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
613. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
614. 1891.
615. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
616. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
617. pp.103-132.
618. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
619. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
620. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
621. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
622. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
623. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
624. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
625. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
626. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
627. New India, 12 January 1915.
628. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
629. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
630. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
631. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
632. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
633. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
634. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
635. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
636. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
637. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
638. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
639. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
640. 1891.
641. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
642. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
643. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
644. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
645. pp.103-132.
646. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
647. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
648. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
649. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
650. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
651. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
652. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
653. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
654. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
655. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
656. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
657. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
658. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
659. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
660. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
661. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
662. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
663. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
664. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
665. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
666. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
667. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
668. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
669. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
670. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
671. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
672. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
673. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
674. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
675. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
676. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
677. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
678. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
679. 1891.
680. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
681. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
682. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
683. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
684. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
685. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
686. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
687. New India, 12 January 1915.
688. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
689. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
690. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
691. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
692. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
693. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
694. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
695. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
696. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
697. 1891.
698. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
699. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
700. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
701. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
702. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
703. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
704. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
705. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
706. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
707. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
708. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
709. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
710. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
711. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
712. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
713. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
714. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
715. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
716. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
717. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
718. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
719. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
720. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
721. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
722. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
723. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
724. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
725. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
726. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
727. pp.103-132.
728. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
729. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
730. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
731. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
732. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
733. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
734. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
735. 1891.
736. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
737. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
738. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
739. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
740. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
741. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
742. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
743. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
744. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
745. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
746. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
747. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
748. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
749. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
750. 1891.
751. New India, 12 January 1915.
752. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
753. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
754. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
755. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
756. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
757. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
758. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
759. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
760. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
761. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
762. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
763. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
764. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
765. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
766. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
767. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
768. 1891.
769. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
770. pp.103-132.
771. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
772. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
773. pp.103-132.
774. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
775. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
776. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
777. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
778. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
779. 1891.
780. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
781. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
782. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
783. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
784. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
785. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
786. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
787. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
788. 1891.
789. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
790. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
791. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
792. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
793. 1891.
794. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
795. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
796. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
797. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
798. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
799. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
800. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
801. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
802. pp.103-132.
803. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
804. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
805. pp.103-132.
806. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
807. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
808. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
809. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
810. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
811. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
812. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
813. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
814. 1891.
815. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
816. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
817. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
818. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
819. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
820. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
821. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
822. 1891.
823. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
824. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
825. 1891.
826. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
827. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
828. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
829. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
830. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
831. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
832. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
833. 1891.
834. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
835. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
836. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
837. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
838. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
839. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
840. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
841. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
842. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
843. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
844. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
845. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
846. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
847. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
848. New India, 12 January 1915.
849. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
850. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
851. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
852. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
853. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
854. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
855. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
856. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
857. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
858. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
859. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
860. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
861. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
862. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
863. 1891.
864. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
865. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
866. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
867. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
868. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
869. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
870. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
871. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
872. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
873. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
874. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
875. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
876. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
877. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
878. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
879. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
880. New India, 12 January 1915.
881. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
882. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
883. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
884. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
885. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
886. New India, 12 January 1915.
887. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
888. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
889. G.O.No.3971, Judicial Department, 12 December 1927
890. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
891. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
892. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
893. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
894. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
895. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
896. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
897. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
898. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
899. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
900. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
901. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
902. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
903. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
904. New India, 12 January 1915.
905. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
906. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
907. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
908. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
909. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
910. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
911. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
912. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
913. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
914. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
915. Maragathavalli, M., Mather Marumanam, Ethaikal,1980, pp.1-2.
916. The Hindu, 20 December 1892
917. Swadesamitran, 13 February 1915.
918. Swadesamitran,(T amil), 18 April 1891; Kerala Patrika, (Malayalam), 4 April 1891; Kerala Sanchari (Malayalam), 1 April
919. Ibid., August 1925, p.148
920. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
921. pp.103-132.
922. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
923. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
924. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
925. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
926. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
927. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
928. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
929. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
930. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
931. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
932. 1891.
933. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
934. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
935. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
936. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
937. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
938. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
939. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
940. 1891.
941. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
942. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
943. Unrepeated General Acts of the Governor General in Council for 1864-1871, V ol.II, Government of India, Calcutta,1876,
944. G.O.No.1041, Judicial Department, 13 September 1922
945. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
946. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
947. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
948. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
949. G.O.No.148, Legislative Department, 30 November 1914, Bill. No.12 of 1914.
950. The Hindu, 23 November 1914
951. Stri-Dharma, April 1940, p.38
952. Anita Arya, Indian Women ,Education and Empowerment , V ol.II, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963.p.1
953. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
954. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.
955. The Hindu, 6 February 1915
956. Hindu Nesan, 26 July 1930.
957. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
958. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
959. pp.103-132.
960. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
961. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
962. Subba Rao, K., Reviewed Memories, Madras,1953,pp.217-219
963. The Hindu, 11 October 1890.
964. 1891.
965. New India, 12 January 1915.
966. Ibid., June 1925, p.115.
967. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
968. Papers Relating to Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, in India, Government of India, Calcutta,1886,p.1.
969. Indian Patriot, 23 November 1914
970. Hindu Nesan, 14 November 1914.
971. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
972. pp.103-132.
973. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
974. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
975. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
976. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
977. Swadesamitran, 18 July 1890.
978. Karnataka Prakasika, 11 August 1890
979. W ednesday Review, 27 January 1915
980. Suntharalingam, R., Politics and Nationalist A wakening in South India, 1895-1891, Arizona, 1974,p.325.
981. pp.103-132.
982. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
983. Joy Chakravarthy, Women in Journalism, V ol.I, Sarups Sons Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.1
984. New India, 12 January 1915.
985. New India, 12 January 1915.
986. Stri-Dharma, April 1935, p.38.
987. Stri-Dharma, July 1925, p.133.
988. W omens Indian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, p.4
989. Rajpruthi Belarani Sharma, Encyclopaedia of Women Society and Culture, Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, p.76
990. T amil Nadu, 16 April 1931
991. W ednesday Review, 11 November 1914.
992. Madras Times, 15 October 1890.

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