Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : IV, Issue : I, February - 2014

MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN IN INDIA

Krishtappa. B, Raghavendra Gudagunti

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

In education, childrens poor nutrition and health status is rarely recognised as a significant factor for school enrolment, participation and achievement. However, there has been ever growing empirical evidence from global research pointing out that malnourishment among young children influences schooling in several direct and indirect ways. Malnutrition is a wide-spread problem that results from a complex interaction between environmental deprivation and under nutrition. Malnourished children typically experience a range of other environmental difficulties associated with poverty, such as poor housing, poor health-care, weak family and community support systems. There is a need to understand the way child malnutrition and poor health influence access and school participation of children. In this paper, an attempt is made to draw broad contours for developing such an understanding of the issue rooted in the Indian context. A general overview of the research evidence on the linkage between malnutrition and cognitive development has been presented. The scale and nature of malnourishment among young children in India has been detailed, highlighting the distribution across population groups and states in the country. The paper also presents a discussion of the research evidence in India that correlates malnutrition and other factors related to school participation. Further, two major national intervention programmes aimed at early stimulation and improvement of nutritional status of children have been discussed. Based on the analysis presented in the paper, the last section of the paper identifies areas that need further exploration

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242. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
243. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
244. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
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255. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
256. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
257. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
258. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
259. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
260. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
261. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
262. and Impact in Udaipur District.
263. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
264. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
265. and Impact in Udaipur District.
266. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
267. and Impact in Udaipur District.
268. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
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295. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
296. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
297. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
298. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
299. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
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306. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
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308. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
309. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
310. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
311. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
312. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
313. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
314. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
315. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
316. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
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319. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
320. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
321. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
322. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
323. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
324. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
325. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
326. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
327. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
328. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
329. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
330. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
331. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
332. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
333. and Impact in Udaipur District.
334. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
335. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
336. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
337. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
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339. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
340. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
341. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
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343. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
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345. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
346. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
347. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
348. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
349. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
350. and Impact in Udaipur District.
351. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
352. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
353. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
354. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
355. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
356. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
357. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
358. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
359. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
360. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
361. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
362. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
363. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
364. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
365. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
366. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
367. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
368. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
369. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
370. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
371. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
372. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
373. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
374. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
375. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
376. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
377. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
378. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
379. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
380. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
381. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
382. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
383. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
384. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
385. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
386. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
387. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
388. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
389. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
390. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
391. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
392. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
393. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
394. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
395. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
396. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
397. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
398. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
399. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
400. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
401. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
402. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
403. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
404. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
405. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
406. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
407. and Impact in Udaipur District.
408. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
409. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
410. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
411. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
412. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
413. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
414. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
415. Blue, J. (2005) The Government Primary School Mid-day Meals Scheme: An Assessment of Programme Implementation
416. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
417. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
418. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
419. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
420. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
421. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
422. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
423. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
424. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
425. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
426. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
427. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
428. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
429. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
430. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
431. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
432. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
433. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
434. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
435. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
436. Economic and Political Weekly, April 09 - April 15, 40 (15) pp.1528-1534
437. Dreze, J. & Goyal, A. (2003) The Future of Mid -Day Meals. Economic and Political Weekly,38 (44): pp. 4673- 4683
438. GoI. [Government of India]. (1974) National Policy for Children. August, New Delhi: Department of Social Welfare
439. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
440. GoI. (2007a) Economic Survey 2006-07. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance
441. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
442. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
443. and Impact in Udaipur District.
444. Afridi, F. (2005) Mid-Day Meals in Two States: Comparing the Financial and InstitutionalOrganisation of the Programme.
445. Agarwal, D.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Tripathi, A. M. & Agarwal, K.N. (1987) Nutritional Status, Physical Work Capacity and
446. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
447. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007) Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia &the Pacific 2007. Bangkok:
448. University – WIDER Research Paper No. 2006/79, Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research of the
449. United Nations University (UNU-WIDER).
450. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development
451. Bhalotra, S. (2006) Childhood Mortality and Economic Growth, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK, UN
452. and Impact in Udaipur District.
453. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
454. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
455. Mental Function in School Children. Scientific Report no. 6, New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India.
456. GoI. (2004a) National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education 2004 [Midday Meal Scheme] Guidelines.
457. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.
458. Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)/ United Nations/ADB.

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