Indian Streams Research Journal

Volume : III, Issue : XII, January - 2014

SELECTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND MASS CULTIVATION OF MICROALGAE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Senthil Kumar Natesan, Elumalai Sanniyasi

DOI : 10.9780/22307850, By : Laxmi Book Publication

Abstract :

Now a days, Global warming, CO discharge, petrofuels price hike and many other problems 2 that lead us to think thoroughly for green future and renewable energy. Biodiesel is the only alternate renewable liquid fuel to petro based fuels. About ten microalgae strains were isolated from twelve fresh and brackish water samples. Potential lipid producing microalgae strains were screened based on Nile red staining method and their species level identification was done by LSU (D1-D2) region sequencing. Lipids from selected microalgae species were characterized by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed C. vulgaris and A. obliquus produces more saturated fatty acid, whereas N. gaditana and I. galbana showed maximum Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accumulation. C. vulgaris and N. gaditana showed higher biomass productivity (1.4 and 1.6 g/l) when growing in open raceway pond than other microalgae species. Therefore C. vulgaris and N. gaditana are suitable for large scale production of biodiesel.

Keywords :

• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation
• Biodiesel
• Fatty acids
• Lipids
• Microalgae
• Mass Cultivation

Article :

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• Full Text HTML

Cite This Article :

References :

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55. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
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75. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
76. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
77. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
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107. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
108. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
109. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
110. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
111. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
112. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
113. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
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115. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
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118. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
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122. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
123. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
124. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
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127. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
128. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
129. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
130. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
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135. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
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141. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
142. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
143. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
144. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
145. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
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149. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
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151. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
152. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
153. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
154. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
155. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
156. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
157. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
158. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
159. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
160. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
161. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
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164. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
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167. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
168. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
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170. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
171. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
172. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
173. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
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175. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
176. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
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186. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
187. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
188. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
189. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
190. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
191. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
192. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
193. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
194. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
195. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
196. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
197. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
198. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
199. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
200. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
201. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
202. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
203. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
204. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
205. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
206. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
207. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
208. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
209. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
210. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
211. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
212. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
213. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
214. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
215. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
216. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
217. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
218. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
219. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
220. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
221. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
222. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
223. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
224. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
225. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
226. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
227. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
228. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
229. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
230. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
231. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
232. 911–915.
233. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
234. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
235. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
236. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
237. 911–915.
238. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
239. 911–915.
240. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
241. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
242. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
243. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
244. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
245. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
246. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
247. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
248. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
249. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
250. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
251. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
252. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
253. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
254. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
255. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
256. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
257. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
258. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
259. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
260. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
261. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
262. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
263. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
264. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
265. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
266. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
267. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
268. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
269. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
270. 911–915.
271. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
272. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
273. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
274. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
275. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
276. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
277. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
278. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
279. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
280. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
281. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
282. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
283. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
284. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
285. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
286. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
287. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
288. 911–915.
289. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
290. 911–915.
291. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
292. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
293. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
294. 911–915.
295. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
296. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
297. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
298. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
299. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
300. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
301. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
302. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
303. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
304. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
305. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
306. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
307. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
308. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
309. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
310. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
311. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
312. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
313. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
314. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
315. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
316. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
317. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
318. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
319. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
320. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
321. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
322. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
323. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
324. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
325. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
326. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
327. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
328. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
329. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
330. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
331. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
332. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
333. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
334. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
335. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
336. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
337. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
338. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
339. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
340. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
341. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
342. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
343. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
344. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
345. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
346. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
347. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
348. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
349. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
350. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
351. 911–915.
352. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
353. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
354. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
355. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
356. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
357. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
358. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
359. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
360. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
361. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
362. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
363. .Borowitzka, M. A. (1999). Commercial production of microalgae: Pond, tank, tube and fermenters. Journal of
364. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
365. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
366. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
367. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
368. extraction of biofuels and co-product. Renew sust Energy Rev: 14: 557-77.
369. .Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfield, M & Hu, Q. (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative
370. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
371. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
372. Bligh, E. G & Dyer, W. J (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri?cation, Can. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. 37:
373. measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. J. Microbiol.Methods, 77(1): 41-47.
374. Butcher, R.W. (1959). An introductory account of the smaller algae of Britisch coastal waters. Part I. Introduction and
375. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
376. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
377. Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C. & Wu, Q. (2009). Alga-based biodiesel production and optimization using sugar cane as the
378. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
379. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
380. 911–915.
381. feedstock. Energy Fuels 23, 4166–4173.
382. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
383. Carmelo, R. T & Grethe, R. H. (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. San Diego, Academic Press, 858 pp.
384. Chlorophyceae. Fishery Investigations Series IV. London, HMSO, 89 pp
385. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuel from microalgae – a review of technology for production, processing, and
386. Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.

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